Richard Nixon’s Pardon Rhetorical Analysis

President Gerald Ford’s Pardon of Richard Nixon Former President of the United States, Gerald R. Ford gave a speech pardoning his predecessor, former President Richard Nixon, of all offenses against the United States that he may have committed during his presidency. The announcement was made live on September 8, 1974. The speech was written to persuade the country to agree with the pardoning of Nixon and forgive him for the crimes he had committed against his country.Ford states that â€Å"Theirs (Nixon’s Family) is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must. † President Ford argued that the pardoning of Richard Nixon isn’t only for Nixon and his family’s fate but for the country’s well-being. Throughout Ford’s speech he makes evident the use of Logos, Ethos and Pathos appeals. He uses the appea ls evenly, convincing his audience while still being well-supported and reasonable.Ford opens up his speech with many reasons why he, as the President and as a person, should be trusted, and that he thinks that what he is doing is the right thing to do in the situation. He proceeds to admit that his job is a difficult one and that he has made mistakes in the past. Doing so helps him bond with his audience and let them know that he, too, is a person, just like them; and they can count on him, also known as the ethos appeal. He states â€Å"My customary policy is to try and get all the facts and consider the opinions of my countrymen and to take council with my most valued friends.But these seldom agree, and in the end, the decision is mine. † This statement subtly creates the idea that the decision he had to make was a hard one, and it ultimately came down to Ford having to take the responsibility. He proceeds to tell his country all of the options that he had, as if to make t hem feel like they were a part of the process; â€Å"To procrastinate, to agonize, and to wait for a more favorable turn of events that may never come†¦ † President Ford then makes himself seem very credible by promising to uphold the constitution, to do what God has asked him, and to do â€Å"the very best for America. In making himself credible, Ford establishes trust with his audience therefor making his argument easier to agree with. When he establishes his credibility, he moves to the pathos appeal to introduce his thesis. He plays to the audience’s emotions by referring to Nixon’s situation as â€Å"an American tragedy in which we have all played a part†¦ someone must write the end to it. † Thus making the audience feel bad for Nixon and his family, making his audience feel like they are at fault for their â€Å"tragedy. He makes his thesis statement in a powerful way, saying â€Å"I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must. † Imperceptibly making the audience thankful for taking away their burden and making things right, so they don’t have to. He again uses the listeners’ emotions and morals to support his opinion in order to create empathy for Nixon by referring to how the allegations have â€Å"threatened his health† and that he is now â€Å"trying to reshape his life. † He also makes it obvious that Nixon spent most of his life â€Å"in the service of this country,† making Nixon a hero, not a criminal.This statement also institutes reliability for Nixon, correspondingly benefiting Ford’s argument. He continues to get sympathy from his audience by conveying that the situation they were dealing with was uncharted territory and they didn’t know how to resolve it. â€Å"There are no historic or legal precedents to which I can turn in this matter, none that precisely fit the circumstances of a private citizen who has resigned the Presidency of the United States. † By saying this, he lets the audience know that the circumstances are fairly new, and he is the first to resolve them.This makes the audience feel more sympathetic for Gerald Ford and by admitting his faults; the listeners would feel like they can trust him more. The President goes on to say â€Å"But it is common knowledge that serious allegations and accusations hang like a sword over our former President’s head†¦ † After Ford had established sympathy for himself, he makes this statement to show the audience that Nixon is also dealing with guilt and regret for what he did to his country.By referring to Richard Nixon as â€Å"former President† it brings attention to the fact that Nixon was once a President of The United States, and that he should be respected and possibly even forgiven; because he was once in charge of the country and was once trusted by the entire country. Gerald Ford uses  the logic of his reasons, and the effectiveness of its supporting evidence to convey why it is so important that he pardons Nixon now, rather than let the Supreme Court deal with the matter.He announces, â€Å"†¦many months and perhaps more years will have to pass before Richard Nixon could obtain a fair trial by jury in any jurisdiction of the United States under governing decisions of the Supreme Court. † He uses the Supreme Court, the highest of all courts, to support his claim that pardoning Nixon was the best decision; and he does this by affirming that the Supreme Court would take too long and if they couldn’t make a decision, no other court in the United States would be able to make a decision. Making it palpable that he is the best option and nothing else would suffice.Later in the speech President Ford also brings forward the idea that, if the process of fair trial were to be brought out, the wait would only open old wounds and the people would â€Å"only be polarized in their own opini ons. † This statement was said to make the listeners feel as if their negative opinions, if any, of Richard Nixon were strong and unnecessary. It also makes the audience know that Gerald Ford is watching out for them and he realizes they are hurt, and doesn’t want the situation to continue to hurt him. By saying these things, the people’s feelings of trust and faith in the president are confirmed. I deeply believe in equal justice for all Americans, whatever their station or former station. † After possibly differing with the audience in the previous statement, Ford uses this to restore his credibility with the people and prepare them for more facts and reasons why he formed his opinion. Gerald Ford influences the audience again by using emotion to guilt-trip them into feeling sorrow for Nixon by saying â€Å"†¦ it is not the ultimate fate of Richard Nixon that most concerns me, though surely it deeply troubles every decent and every compassionate per son. Saying that a decent and compassionate person should care about what happens to Nixon makes the audience feel like they, too, should care about his fate. And doing so would restore the need for them to feel that they are a compassionate and decent human being. â€Å"In this, I dare do not depend upon my personal sympathy as a long-time friend of the former President, nor my professional judgment as a lawyer, and I do not. † This statement tells the audience that he sees both sides of the argument.Because of his background, as a lawyer and as a friend of former President Nixon, he is forced to see the logical side and the emotional side. Therefore, it seems as if the decision President Ford has to make is going to be made in a thoughtful and well-rounded way. â€Å"As President, my primary concern must always be the greatest good of all the people of the United States who servant I am. † Saying that he is a servant to his country seems as if he is saying that the d ecision isn’t only his, and he is trying to do what is best for his country, and what his country would think is best in the situation.The statement implies that he wouldn’t do any harm to his country and if he is an honorable man, like he has already convinced the audience, then he should be trusted with this decision also. President Gerald Ford proceeds to talk about how his conscience is telling him to make this choice and that it is his duty, as President of the United States, to â€Å"firmly shut and seal this book. † This statement made the audience feel like the pardoning of Richard Nixon is an honorable thing, and that Gerald Ford is brave to do it.It also implies, by bringing up his conscience, that he listens to his inner thoughts and always tries to do the right thing; and this is something he does regularly. By doing this he once again makes the audience see that he is a credible and honest man. Gerald Ford felt that â€Å"†¦Richard Nixon and h is loved ones have suffered enough†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of the phrase â€Å"loved ones† instead of the word â€Å"family† makes a strong connection with the audience and makes Nixon look more vulnerable and innocent. Ford then takes advantage of the warmth towards Nixon and says â€Å"we, as a great and good nation, can come together and make his goal of peace come true. The reflection of the people as a â€Å"great and good nation† brings the audience together and brings forth the idea that â€Å"we are all in this together†, making Ford’s opinion seem like it was the entire audience’s, too. Also, pointing out that Nixon had a goal of â€Å"peace† makes him, again, look like a very respectable man, which reflects well on President Ford. Gerald Ford uses the right amount of emotions, facts and credibility to endorse his opinion, and he does it very well without fault. He plays on the audiences emotions through making them sympatheti c for Nixon by pointing out his losses.Ford uses the facts of Richard Nixon’s trial to make his decision more reasonable. He also uses his credibility to establish trust. He influences the viewer’s opinions very discreetly, so the audience conform their opinion to his without realizing it. Overall, Gerald Ford does a really good job talking to his audience and making them feel like a part of his decision. He uses the appeals to his advantage and wins the audience over; making it easier for them to believe that he is making the right decision.

A.A. Milne

He is creator of one the world's most beloved characters, he is the author of our childhood's favorite stories, he is A. A Milne. A. A. Milne is the author of the popular and cherished Winnie the Pooh stories. Anyone who is young, or young at heart can gravitate to the stories that have brought joy to our hearts for nearly a century. Milne’s life is not only enlightening, but discovering the true inspirations, accomplishments and triumphs behind his extraordinary tales will change how you read them forever. Before he became the famous author he is today, Milne lived a rather normal and quiet life. Milne was born to Sarah and John Milne in Hampstead, London on January 18th 1882 . For most of his childhood and young adulthood, Milne resided in the school his father ran, the Henley house, which he also attended as a child (just-pooh). As a boy, Milne was a rather bright student who learned to read and write before the age of five (Wheeler). Milne’s extraordinary grades in Mathematics, and especially Writing, got him numerous scholarships to many different universities such as Cambridge. Although Milne always aspired to be a writer, on of his inspirations was the famous H. G Wells who became his teacher and Mentor (poohcorner). The more he learned from Wells, the more Milne aspired to be a writer. It is certain that without the encouraging words and teachings from his mentor, Milne would not be the same, remarkable author he became. Though Milne garnered encouragement and knowledge from Well’s unique teaching styles there was another source of inspiration that was be yond just encouraging words, this source of inspiration shaped A. A. Milne’s career into what we know and still praise him for today. In 1913, Milne married Dorothy Daphne de Selincourt, together they had a gregarious, effervescent son named Christopher Robin Milne. (winniethepohh). From the day of his birth, Christopher served as his father's main source of inspiration; Milne wrote poems for him that later became his book When We Were Very young (1924), and most importantly, he and his toys became inspirations for Milne’s now most famous, Winnie the Pooh Series. All written between 1926 and 1928, Milne’s fulgent and quip filled books launched his career and today are his most read, appraised and notable works (justpooh). These unique and charming tales would change Milne’s life forever. Although there is no recorded evidence of Milne receiving any notable awards for his stories , it is certain he regaled many gracious acknowledgements, un-matching success all thanks to his loyal fans. Milne’s gained many fans for his poems, plays and especially Pooh novels that only increased, when his wife Dorothy sold the rights to Pooh to Disney after his death (wheeler). Although most of his fans were and are children, many adults have enjoyed his plays and even original Pooh books for their inspirational themes and striking, quirky story lines. As I read A. A milne’s poems and stories I recognised two, distinct, recurring themes; embracing individuality and the the importance of problem of solving. Unfortunately, Milne never discussed the themes found in his stories and their personal importance, nor if he purposely added them into his works. Although Milne’s thoughts regarding his themes are uncertain, something that is certain is, no matter what story or poem is read, Milne’s works will leave the reader with a sense of joy and satisfaction, that will leave anyone wanting to apply his recurring themes into everyday life. Although Milne happens to be one of my favorite authors, I recently discovered things I previously did not know about him through my research. Because Winnie the Pooh was such a big part of my childhood, and that of many of my peers, I was surprised to find, he lived and wrote all his works in England during the 20’s and up until his death in 1956. I was also surprised to find Milne was in the English Royal Army, and participated in World War II. Although there were a lot of social and political situations occurring at the time such as the Great Depression and the War, I found it unusual that none of these events influenced his literary process(poohcorner). Milne rather focused on the joys of childhood and teaching kids, and adults, the key to a happy future through his themes. Another extraordinary fact is, all of of the elements of his Pooh books were inspired by a personal aspect in his life. The characters were all based on his son’s toys and the place where his Pooh books took place was based off his sylvan family home in Sussex, England (kidsreads). Without Milne works it is easy to conclude children’s literature would not be the same. In my opinion, A. A Milne, through his writing, inspired countless authors and raised the canon to what is now, modern children's literature. He has brought joy to countless people and his scintillating stories are timeless. A . A Milne plays an important role in not only our childhood but that of our parents and future children and grandchildren. Milne, in my eyes, can easily stand aside the greatest authors of our time and in the hearts of individuals around the world.

Half Ton Man Movie Review

In these films , we learn that by eating excessively it can cause harm to an individual’s health. These films showed the viewer the life styles of these individuals. For example, in the movie Half Ton Man a man named Patrick weighed about 1,072 pounds which equals the same amount of 5 baby elephants. He was so heavy that his body was crushing him. He couldn’t turn over on his own and due to the amount of weight he carried, he was killing himself. He was rushed to the hospital which was six hours away.We also encountered three other people who were in the same situation as Patrick in the film I Eat 33,000 Calories a Day. They are overweight and eat ten times the recommended amount for a normal human being. Food has become an addiction to these people, as they depend on food to pleasure them. This is known as dopamine, it reacts as our brain is telling them to continue that pleasure, in this case to keep eating. Two of the people we saw in the movie had to be hospitalized . One man was eating almost 14 thousand calories per day.That is what an average person should be eating in two weeks. But this addiction is leading their lives to death. As professor Dulai mentioned in lecture, an individual should maintain a healthy diet. This means having small portions, making half of our plates fruits and vegetables and having different â€Å"colors† in our meal. When watching these films, the main foods these individuals would intake is fried foods, candy, cookies, soda, and overall greasy foods. They weren’t showing healthy snacks such as carrots, apples or even grapes.These individuals were eating 10 times the recommended amount of food an individual should eat. This addiction is known as dopamine, which is released by hormones when eating a particular type of food and it makes the individual want more. This particular problem has affected these individuals which has lead them to become obese. Some of these individuals don’t have control of what they eat and are in denial. Others have found ways of losing weight by getting a surgery but they gained all the weight back by not measuring the amount of food they intake.Professor Dulai has also mentioned that the amounts of calories we take in are to help us have energy throughout the day. None of these individuals did anything to release the energy so the amount of calories stayed in their body which leads to fat cells multiplying when gaining weight. I come to a conclusion that an individual must stay healthy by eating a particular amount of calories and having a variety of colors in their foods. They must also release the energy intake by exercising and moving around throughout the day.

Report investigating how a cultural policy document makes statements Essay

Report investigating how a cultural policy document makes statements about the value of the arts - Essay Example Because policy documents have far-reaching implications for the state of arts in society, the ways in which these documents perceive and represent art values are increasingly important. That is why the results of these research will provide recommendations for the policymakers to follow, to make sure that arts meet their goals and objectives and does not contradict the goals which society seeks to achieve through arts. The current arguments in favor of supporting arts through public policies and initiatives emphasize the role, which arts play and can potentially play in promoting a broad set of societal values. Arts have already ceased to be a mere tool of individual or collective self-expression and exemplify a tool which society extensively uses to pursue its economic, political, social, and cultural goals. It would be fair to say that postmodern art is a unique combination of intrinsic and extrinsic values, and for any cultural policy document to be successful and effective, it should recognize and support this dualism of values in arts. Creative Nation: Commonwealth Cultural Policy is one of the few documents that succeeded in balancing the two different value sides of one cultural and arts representation, although one step ahead should be made to have a clearer understanding of what intrinsic values are and in what ways policymakers in culture can promote the role of individual self-expressio n for its own sake. This paper analyzes the four different documents, of which Creative Nation: Commonwealth Cultural Policy and the RAND’s report Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate serve the basis for the analysis of values in ways they are presented in cultural policies. Atlas’s ‘Cultural Policy, What Is It, Who Makes It, Why Does It Matter?† and ‘More than bums on seats’ report by Australian government will add to the understanding of arts values and their place in cultural policies and create a complete picture of what policymakers should do

EOH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

EOH - Essay Example The measurements are calculated based on a series of questions answered by the person or institution involved (Carbon Footprint Ltd, 2011; World Wildlife Fund, 2007). Briefly, the questionnaire allows the assessment of how much of the pre-determined emission factors are utilized by the institution. The methodology of such calculations is made by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) of the British government, which is used by Carbon Footprint Ltd. or the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States‘ Department of Energy, which has its own Carbon Footprint calculation program, and is used by Lexington Global Warming Action Coalition. This report enumerates the carbon footprint value of ’s family, as calculated using different web hosts of carbon footprint calculations. Means of reducing the carbon footprint is also suggested. Finally, the idea of purchasing carbon offsets is tackled in this writing. MY CARBON FOOTPRINT VALUE Table 1. Summa ry of Carbon footprint values, expressed as tons CO2,.as calculated using five different websites. ... The average of the calculated values is 34.92 tons CO2, with a standard deviation of 13.54. What could have caused these high variation in results? COMPARISON OF THE FIVE WEBSITES All of the calculators used the activities at home, specifically the use of appliances, for the estimation of carbon footprint. However, US EPA only takes note of the housing energy consumption, as opposed to the other five websites, which also added transportation as an emission factor. As stated by the Lexington Global Warming Action Coalition, assessment of the carbon footprint using household activities alone is the most basic way of calculating because necessary information can be easily obtained from electric bills. Aside from housing and transportation, coolcalifornia.org also reported greenhouse gas emissions from shopping, which most likely caused its resulting carbon footprint calculation to be the highest of the five. Meanwhile, differences in the values obtained by Carbon Footprint, carbonfund.o rg, and Lexington may be attributed to the differences by which they accounted housing and transportation emissions. Looking closer at the environmental costs of transportation, both carbonfund.org and Carbon Footprint found out that most of the family’s carbon footprint was from car use, which, according to calculations, releases 31.74 and 41.74 tons CO2 respectively (see Appendix). These differences should be taken into consideration. A standardized calculation of Carbon Footprint should be made, because it is a reflection of the countries’ concerted effort on saving the environment. COMPARISON WITH THE AVERAGE HOUSEHOLDS According to coolcalifornia.org, the carbon footprint of ‘s family were mostly caused by shopping expenditures. Briefly,

Terrorism and patriot act Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terrorism and patriot act - Coursework Example Over 3000 people lost their lives. While America was still recovering from the shock of this barbaric act on its home soil, President George W. Bush lost no time in pursuit of the culprits. He ordered airstrikes on likely hideouts of Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan. At the administrative level, he promulgated the Patriot Act 2001 and established the Department of Homeland Security to help deal with all further threats and protect the borders of the USA and its people. Some sweeping powers were given to these personnel to track, apprehend and arrest possible suspects who wanted to harm America and its interests. The extent of these powers is a matter of debate, as many opine that it violates the rights of privacy and freedom as guaranteed under the U.S Constitution (Worrall, 2011). The Patriot Act was signed into Law by President Bush on October 26, 2001, just over a month and a half after the events of September 11. The Act has 10 separate sections, one each relating to enhancing domestic security against terrorism, surveillance procedures, anti-money-laundering, removing obstacles to investigations, information sharing, criminal law, terrorism intelligence and border security. Many sections were due to sunset after four years, but they were extended by President Obama in the larger public interest (CLDC, 2012). Among the most contentious of the powers under Section 213 is that of arresting someone on mere suspicion of being a terrorist, and that of searching his or her house without a warrant. Section 218 allows for wiretapping of such suspect’s every means of communication. Under Section 805, anybody even suspected of giving advice or assistance to a terrorist would be liable for arrest and prosecution. Granted that we have to nip terrorism in the bud, but such measures are a close call to violating the privacy and integrity of American citizens and go against the widely held precept of ‘innocent till proven

50 First Dates(2004) Rated PG-13 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

50 First Dates(2004) Rated PG-13 - Movie Review Example It is then that he realizes that Lucy has a condition of short terms memory loss and that she is unable to remember the previous day and each individual day. Henry is in love with her and will not give up easy he is ready to win her over every single day for fifty days and makes her fall in love with him. Since she cant remember him every single morning, the story is a romantic comedy of Henry’s efforts to get Lucy to remember him every single day with the single hope that she would fall back in love with him again. There are a few scenes which reveal this point in the movies. First is the scene in the movie where Henry (Adam Sandler), makes the video for Lucy (Drew Barrymore). The video includes all the details of the various events that she missed during the year. Also he delivers the video with a bunch of lilies which he is aware that she loves. Second is the scene where Henry arranges a get together for Lucy and her friends. In this scene there is a clear mention of the fact that Henry tries everyday to make Lucy fall in love with him. This was also mentioned in the scene where Lucy’s friend was shocked on how Henry would do this on a daily basis just to maintain the relationship and love that he has for Lucy. The communication mode used here by Henry in the video is one which is positive. A video is one of the most appropriate modes of communication. As seen in the movie as well, the previous day the fact of the short term memory loss is conveyed by her family to her, however the mode of communication is one which leaves her needing to more proof. The mode of communication adopted by Henry is very positive and he gives out the same information to her in a lighter and less stressful manner. It is however essential to understand that this can also be a little negative for of communication. This is mainly because Lucy is a very happy person and every time her accident is told to her, she

Advertising Profolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising Profolio - Essay Example Both the sedan and the truck are badly destroyed after the crush. The billboard is accompanied by the message â€Å"Tailgating isn’t worth it. Give Trucks room. It’s the law†. The basis of the argument in this essay will be drawn from Leiss et al. (2005) with a theme of cultural frame and a focus on actualization of objects to create a deeper meaning in advertisements. According to Leiss, â€Å"a cultural frame arises from a set of images, forms of communication and some values. The three arise from the amalgamation of marketing and advertising, mass media and the popular culture.† (Leiss, 2013, 91). To begin with, the ads are chosen from the fact that they have a common aspect of road safety. They are, however, set differently with varying messages through the same background meaning, road safety. The communicative aspects in the ads are by far actualization of objects. The ambience of both advertisements is a sorry mood. Accidents have occurred in both cases as a result of dangerous driving. In the first ad, a child is bleeding following poor driving on a rainy day. In the second ad, the sedan is tailgating a truck rather than keeping a safe distance as required by the law. The results are an impact that causes both the sedan and the truck to even fold up the billboard. This is a smartly created ad that vivifies the billboard itself. It is indicative of a real time accident happening on the billboard. On the one side, the sedan’s front has been smashed up, and the driver must be in a fatal condition. On the other hand, the truck has only the back smashed but the cabin is quite some distance away, meaning that the accident had little or no consequence to the occupants of the truck. The ad makes sense as the sedan’s driver is seemingly the one on the wrong for tailgating a truck. The truck was hit, but the occupants did not suffer as m uch

Autonomy and motivation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Autonomy and motivation - Assignment Example Paradigm This research paper has utilized mixed research method Research Questions: The first question and probably one of the most difficult facets of any research task is the recognition of suitable research questions. Research questions are a pivotal and essential part of any quantitative research. The process of identification for qualitative research that is discussed in chapter 6, is quite dissimilar than for quantitative research (Deci and Ryan, 1985). For example, questions are usually not as narrowly constrained as they are in quantitative studies when keeping with the goals of research in qualitative studies. Questions should be interesting in that they address current and emerging issues; they need to be sufficiently constrained and narrow so that they can be answered at the same time in the same manner. Broad research questions can be easier said than done if not impossible to attend to without breaking them down into smaller questions that are answerable. Ethical conside ration As discussed by Deci and Flaste (1995), in most educational settings, one ought to obtain permission from a committee of human research before recruiting volunteers for a research project or before conducting any research (page 16). DÃ" §rnyei (1994) describes mixed methods research as a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in a single research project. The two approaches have been identified already and there is no need replicate their main features. The methodology used was the sampling of population taken into consideration to get their responses on the contentious issues. The first batch of respondents was gotten from nine different departments of parents. Those in real estate and the building industry, structural engineering, management, hotel management, English, mechanical engineering, bilingual studies and maritime studies. The total population of the respondents was 508. Most of those interviewed were graduates and diploma holders (Dickson, 1995). Inst rumentation According to Holec (1981), typically there are two distinct types of instruments of survey data collection: interviews and questionnaires. Questionnaire instrument is given in written form, and are used where information is to be got or collected from a large number of individuals. On the other hand, interviews are orally administered and are used in cases where there is need for in-depth information from a smaller group of individuals. The instrument used to gather the information was a questionnaire. The questionnaire had four sections. Each section had its own set of information that was to be submitted at the end. The first section was to determine who was responsible, between the teachers and the students should be the one to facilitate various aspects under learning both in and out of the classroom situation according to the students’ preferences. The second section was to determine the specific views according to the students on their own abilities to carry out similar learning aspects in and out of the classroom. The third aspect aimed at gauging the amount of motivation the students could afford to uphold in learning situation, especially of the English language. The fourth section set out to find out the actual activities the learners engaged in under both the classroom and outside class environment that could be considered as a manifestation of the subject

Electromagnetic research Essay Example for Free

Electromagnetic research Essay We can relate the density to the scattering of radiation in the X-ray region by using the mass attenuation coefficient,  µ/? , and the mass energy-absorption coefficient,  µen/?. In the X-ray region (10-100 KeV), we will find that as the electron density increases, the x-ray signal also increases1. X-ray scattering is considered to be due to the electron density of the atoms in a sample2. J. J. Thomson derived a formula relating the intensity of coherent scattering from a particle. If the incident radiation is not polarized, then his relation takes the form: I(2? ) = Io [(e4)/(r2 m2 c4)] [(1 + cos2 2? )/2] where e is the charge of the particle, r is the distance from the â€Å"scatterer†, m is the mass of the â€Å"scatterer†, c is the velocity of light, and [(1 + cos22? )/2] represents the partial polarization of the scattered photon. An electron is 2000 times lighter than a proton. Most nuclei are made up of many nucleons that have an even greater mass than the mass of a proton. Because the scattered intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the mass of the particle emitting the X-ray photon, scattering of X rays from the nucleus is considered negligible compared to the scattering from the electrons of an atoms. We can conclude that X-ray scattering is due to the density of the electron. The probability for coherent scattering decreases with increasing photon energy and increases with increasing atomic number (increasing number of interfering electrons). As a fraction of the total mass attenuation coefficient, ? coh/? is maximal at atomic numbers around Z=10 and photon energies in the interval 30-50 keV. At higher atomic numbers, the relative fraction decreases due to the strong increase of photoelectric absorption with increasing atomic number3. In silicon, for example, the relative probability for coherent scattering is 14% at 50 keV. Let us refer to table 1, where the densities of elements could be found, and figures 2. 1, 2. 3 and 2. 4, the Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation by Gold, Silicon, and Iron respectively. The density of silicon is 2. 330, iron is 7. 874 and gold is 19. 32. In the graphs, as the radiation increases we will notice that the absorption decreases. For gold, this will continue until it reaches 200 eV where a discontinuity takes place. In terms of the densities of the elements, as the density of the element decreases, the coherent scattering also decreases. For example, gold, which has an atomic number of 79, contains a higher electron density than an element such as silicon and iron (of lower atomic number 14 and 26 respectively); therefore the photon-absorption processes are stronger (higher  µ) making gold suitable as a radiation-shielding material. However, the decrease in ( µ) with increasing photon energy (below 1 MeV) means that relatively thick sheets are needed to absorb hard (short-wavelength) x-rays or gamma -rays, compared to soft (long-wavelength) x-rays for example. Photon absorption in the visible region of the spectrum depends on the atomic arrangement of the atoms and their bonding. Pure silicon (Si) is strongly absorbing but silicon combined with oxygen is transparent. For the energetic photons in the x-ray regime, photon absorption is much easier to predict and is independent of the details of atomic arrangement. It depends primarily on the electron concentration per unit volume. Since the concentration of atoms per unit volume only differ by factors of 2 or 3 from each other, the electron concentration in two materials can be estimated from the atomic number, Z. Gold (Z=79) absorbs x-rays much more efficiently than silicon (Z=14) or iron (Z=26). X-ray absorption does depend on the energy of the x-rays and decreases with increasing x-ray energy, E. Absorption decreases nearly proportional to the cube of the energy (i. e. absorption proportional to (1/E3). The eventual rise in  µ indicates that a third process occurs at high photon energy; this is pair production, in which a pair of elementary particles (a particle and its antiparticle of the same mass but opposite electrostatic charge) is created from the energy (hf) of the original photon4. In this case, the two particles are an electron and an anti-electron (more commonly known as a positron, whose rest mass m0 is the same as that of an electron but whose charge is +e). Pair production can be represented by an equation, which represents the conservation of total energy (or mass-energy): hf = 2(m0 c2) + K(-e) + K(+e) Here, (m0 c2) = 0. 511 MeV is the rest energy of an electron, which is equal to that of the positron, so the factor of 2 represents the fact that two particles of identical rest mass are created. K(-e) and K(+e) represent the kinetic energy of the electron and positron, immediately after their creation. If the photon energy were exactly 2m0c2 = 1. 02 MeV, the two particles would be created at rest (with zero kinetic energy) and this would be an example of the complete conversion of energy into mass. For photon energies below 2m0c2, the process cannot occur; in other words, 1. 02 MeV is the threshold energy for pair production. For photon energies above the threshold, a photon has more than enough energy to create a particle pair and the surplus energy appears as kinetic energy of the two particles. BIBLIOGRAPHY Giacovazzo, Carmelo. Crystallography. Retrieved 9 June 2008, http://xrayweb. chem. ou. edu/notes/crystallography. html. McAlister, B. C. and Grady, B. P. The Use of Monte-Carlo Simulations to Calculate Small-Angle Scattering Patterns. Macromolecular Symposia, 2003. The American Physical Society. X-Ray Radiation from Non-linear Thomson Scattering. Vol. 91, No. 19, 13 November 2003. Retrieved 9 June 2008, http://www. eecs. umich. edu/USL-HFS/TaPhouc_prl_03. pdf. Weidner, R. T. and Sells, R. L. Pair Production and Annihilation. Retrieved 9 June 2008, http://physics. pdx. edu/~egertonr/ph311-12/pair-pa. htm.

Benefits of Balanced Scorecard Implementation

Benefits of Balanced Scorecard Implementation Introduction Business organizations are facing increasingly complex markets, customers and suppliers, and fierce global competitive pressures. In such competitive environment, access to the right information is important to ensure high quality decision making and thus, the success of the organization. Resulting from the changing needs of information in a competitive environment, pressure was put on accounting information to increase its relevance. Extensive and exclusive use of financial measures has been criticised due to their historic nature. Financial measures reveal a great deal about an organisations past actions but nothing about its future alertness. Exclusive reliance on financial indicators could promote behaviour that sacrifices long term value creation for short term performance (Dearden, 1969). Indeed, an overemphasis on achieving and maintaining short term performance can cause a company to overinvest in short term fixes and underinvest in sustainable value creation, which would be detrimental to its future success. In an attempt to remedy the shortcomings of financial performance measures, Kaplan and Norton (1992) devised the Balanced Scorecard which integrates financial and non financial strategic measures. The Balanced Scorecard will be discussed in this paper focusing on what the Balanced Scorecard is, the theory underlying it and how it is being practiced. The manner in which the Balanced Scorecard is practiced in two companies, namely Metro Bank which is adapted from Kaplan and Norton (1996) and Asia Telecom, a telecommunication company whose name is disguised to preserve confidentiality is also discussed in this paper. What is the Balanced Scorecard? The Balanced Scorecard is a tool, which systematically expands the measurement areas traditionally involved in accounting. It provides a system for measuring and managing all aspects of a companys performance. The scorecard balances financial measures of success with non financial measures of drivers of future performance. These non financial measures include measures on customer satisfaction, internal processes, the organisations innovation and improvement activities. The Balanced Scorecard measures organizational performance across four different but inter-related perspectives: financial, customer, internal and learning and growth perspectives (Atkinson, Kaplan and Young, 2004). The Balanced Scorecard, as devised by Kaplan and Norton (1992), is thus a balanced performance measurement system that enables companies to track financial results while simultaneously monitoring how they are building their capabilities with customers, internal processes, employees and systems for future growth and profitability. It provides feedback around both the internal business processes and external outcomes in order to continuously improve strategic performance and results (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). The Balanced Scorecard is a comprehensive framework that translates a companys vision and strategy into a coherent set of performance measures. It is an integral part of an organizations strategy execution process that emphasizes communicating strategy to employees and providing feedback to help attain objectives. The scorecard can be used at different levels of an organization. For each level, the Balanced Scorecard approach identifies the key components of operations, sets goals for them, and finds ways to measure progress toward achieving these goals. Taken together, the measures provide a holistic view of performance both inside and outside the organization, and allow each constituent of the organization to see how his or her activities contribute to attaining the organizations overall mission (Von Bergen and Benco). Essentially, the Balanced Scorecard measures are used to translate vision and strategy into concrete directions for action by people throughout the organization. The measures prescribe a plan for strategic execution and create focus for the future. The measures communicate important messages to all organizational units and employees and thus, influence their actions. To take full advantage of this power, companies soon integrated their new measures into a management system (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). Thus, the Balanced Scorecard concept evolved from a performance measurement system to a strategic management system. The strategic management system focused the entire organization on implementing long term strategy by aligning and supporting key processes. The essence of the above discussion can be summarized using Atkinson, Kaplan and Youngs (2004) definition. The Balanced Scorecard is a strategic management system that translates an organizations strategy into clear objectives, measures, targets and initiatives organized by four perspectives. These four perspectives and other principles underlying the Balanced Scorecard will be discussed in the next section of this paper. The Balanced Scorecard: Theory The Balanced Scorecard is based on several underlying premises. The first is that financial measures alone inadequately measure the health of a company and that a single-minded pursuit of financial objectives could lead to long-term ruin. The second is that Balanced Scorecard focuses on process, not metrics. As such, it is forward-looking (e.g., How can our organization retain its best customers?) rather than backward-looking (e.g., What were our organizations earnings per share last quarter?). The third is that the scorecard is an analytic framework for translating a companys visions and business strategies into specific, quantifiable goals and for monitoring performance against those goals (Von Bergen and Benco). The Balanced Scorecard framework consists of four perspectives of which the organizations performance is measured. Across organizations, the relevant Balanced Scorecard components vary depending on the organizations specific goals and circumstances. There is no theory that four perspectives are necessary and sufficient for an effective balanced scorecard. However, there is some agreement that a typical BSC would include the following four components in some form (Horngren, Foster, Srikant, 2000): Learning and growth perspective: Can the firm continue to improve and create value for customers? Internal business process perspective: In which capabilities must the firm excel? Customer perspective: How do customers see the firm? Financial perspective: How does the firm look to providers of financial resources? The financial perspective Kaplan and Norton do not disregard the traditional need for financial data. Indeed, the ultimate objective for profit-seeking companies is a significant increase in shareholder value. Financial performance measures indicate whether the companys strategy, implementation and execution are contributing to its profitability. Financial objectives typically relate to profitability and measured, for example, by economic value added, return on investment or net profit. Companies increase economic wealth through two basic approaches revenue growth and productivity. Revenue growth comes from either growing wider (new products, markets and customers) and/or from growing deeper by achieving more price or volume from existing relationships. Productivity comes from reducing the cost structure, and/or the fixed and working capital required to support the business. The customer perspective The customer perspective is about the identification of the customer and market segments in which the company will compete and the measures of the companys performance in these targeted segments. Typical core measures of the successful outcomes from a well-formulated and implemented strategy include customer satisfaction, customer retention, new customer acquisition, customer profitability and market and account share. Beyond these measures, the companies must also identify the objectives and measures for customer value proposition, which describes the unique mix of product, price, service, relationship and image that a company offers its targeted group of customers. Customer value proposition that defines how company meets the needs of its customers vis-Ã  -vis its competitors is essentially a differentiation strategy. There are three generally acknowledged generic value proposition: Operational Excellence is characterized and differentiates itself by a combination of products/services that provide quality, selection, and competitive prices, and order fulfillment capability that is fast and timely. Customer Intimacy is characterized and differentiates itself by the quality and personalization of its relationship with its customers. Product Leadership is characterized and differentiates itself by the functions, features, and overall performance of its products and services. The value proposition is crucial because it helps an organization connects its internal processes to improved outcomes with its customers. The internal business process perspective Once the financial and customer perspectives are identified, the critical internal processes in which the organization must excel to achieve its objectives are defined. These processes enable the organization to deliver the value propositions that will attract and retain customers in targeted market segments and achieve productivity improvements for the financial objectives. Since organizations perform many different processes, it is useful to group the processes into four groups: Build the franchise by spurring innovation to develop new products and services and penetrate new markets and customer segments. Increase customer value by expanding and deepening relationships with existing customers. Achieve operational excellence by improving supply-chain management, internal process, asset utilization, resource-capacity management and other processes. Become a good corporate citizen by establishing effective relationships with external stakeholders. Measures of these processes allow managers to evaluate how well their business is running, and whether its products and services conform to customer requirements (the mission). The learning and growth perspective This perspective describes the infrastructure necessary for the achievement of the objectives identified in the other three perspectives. Under this perspective, objectives for the people, systems and organizational alignment that create long term growth and improvement are identified. The objectives for these three components normally lie in the following areas: Employees capabilities Does the employees possess the appropriate level of skill and knowledge to perform the work/function required to achieve strategy? Information system and database Is the information system and database available to provide excellent information to employees for process improvement required? Organization alignment Corporate culture and climate Do employees have the awareness and understanding of the vision, strategy and cultural values needed to execute strategy? Goal alignment Are goals and incentives aligned with the strategy at all level? Knowledge sharing Do employees and teams share best practices and other knowledge relevant to strategy execution? This perspective ultimately emphasizes the role of intangible assets people, system, climate and culture in driving organizational capabilities for learning and long term growth. Strategy Map A strategy map is a comprehensive visual representation of the linkages among objectives in the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard. Each objective in the four perspectives is portrayed in a cause and effect relationship where gains in the learning and growth perspective lead to improvements in internal business processes, which in turn lead to higher customer satisfaction and market share, and finally to superior financial performance. The strategy map tells the story of the companys strategy. It identifies for employees and management the importance of each perspective as a feeder of success into the next perspective. It also identifies and makes explicit the hypotheses about the cause and effect relationship between outcome measures (lag indicators) for example, customer satisfaction and return on investment, and performance drivers (lead indicators) for example, motivated and skilled employees, short cycle time processes and product development processes (Atkinson, Kaplan and Young, 2004). Lagging indicators indicate whether the strategic objectives in each perspective are achieved while leading indicators represent how the outcome should be achieved. The causal link between lagging and leading indicators not only occurs within the individual perspectives, but also across the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard (Figge, Hahn, Schaltegger Wagner, 2002) Organizations build strategy map from the top down, starting with the destination and then charting the routes that lead there. The vision and mission of the company provides a picture of the companys overall goal. The strategy of achieving the companys vision and mission, when translated into objectives and measures in each of the perspectives provide more meaning and clarity to employees. Measures describe how success in achieving an objective will be determined and thus give clarify to the objective. Typically, the objectives in the four perspectives of a strategy map lead to 20-30 measures. However, the number of measures is irrelevant when these measures are viewed as inter-dependent measures that are instrumental for achieving a single strategy. The multiple measures on the Balanced Scorecard are linked together in a cause and effect network that describes the business strategy. Targets are set for each measure. A target establishes the level of performance or rate of improvement required for a measure. Level of performance required should represent excellent performance. Companies identify initiatives, that is, short term programs and action plans that will help companies to achieve targets. Initiatives that will not have a major impact on one or more scorecard objectives should be de-emphasized (Kaplan and Norton, 2004). The Balanced Scorecard: In practice Having discussed the theory and principles underlying the Balanced Scorecard, we will look at the manner in which the measures of the Balanced Scorecard are developed and communicated in the corporate world by taking the case of Metro Bank and Asia Telecom. Metro Banks case adapted from Kaplan and Norton (1996) is used to illustrate revenue growth strategy whilst Asia Telecom is used to illustrate both revenue growth and productivity strategy. Metro Bank case Metro Bank, a retail banking division of a major bank was facing problem of excessive reliance on a single product. The revenue growth strategy is undertaken to resolve this problem, that is, to reduce earning volatility by broadening sources of revenue with additional products for current customers. In the process of developing the Balanced Scorecard, the strategy is translated into objectives and measures in the four perspectives. The financial objective to support revenue growth strategy was to broaden the mix of revenue. The financial measure is the percentage increase in year to year revenue (lag indicator) and revenue mix (lead indicator). The existing customers of the bank however do not view their banker as the logical source for a broader array of products such as mutual funds, credit cards and financial advice. The banks executive concluded that if the banks new strategy were to be successful, they must shift customers perception of the bank from that of a transactions processor of checks and deposits to a financial adviser. With this, the customer objective was to increase customer confidence in the banks financial advice and increase customer satisfaction. This is done by building long term relationship with targeted customers so that the bank can sell them multiple financial products and services. The measures are share of customer segment i.e. number of Metros customers in targeted segment (lag indicator) and depth of relationship (lead indicator). Internal activities that need to be mastered if the strategy were to succeed were identified as 1) understand customers, 2) develop new products and services and 3) cross-sell multiple products and services. Each business process would have to be redesigned to reflect the demands of the new strategy. For example, the selling process had traditionally been dependent on institutional advertising of the banks services. The bank did not have a selling culture. The bank personnel were reactive. A major reengineering program was launched to redefine the sales process into one which is relationship based. Measures introduced were cross-sell ratio (lag indicators) which measured selling effectiveness and hours spent with customers (lead indicators) to send signal to salespersons of the new culture required by the strategy In order to improve employee effectiveness in implementing the revenue growth strategy, the learning and growth component of the scorecard identified the need for 1) salespersons to acquire a broader set of skills (to become a financial counselor with broad knowledge of the product line), 2) improved access to information (integrated customer file), and 3) realignment of the incentive systems to encourage the new behavior. The lag indicators included a productivity measure, average sales per salesperson, as well as the attitudes of the work force as measured by an employee satisfaction survey. The lead indicators focused on the major changes that had to be orchestrated in the work force. These indicators are 1) the upgrading of the skill base and qualified people i.e. strategic job coverage ratio, 2) access to information technology tools and data i.e. strategic availability ratio, and 3) the realignment of individual goals and incentives to reflect the new priorities i.e. personal g oal alignment. Asia Telecom Asia Telecom, a telecommunication provider strives to grow business profitability and improve operating efficiency in a highly competitive environment. The company embarked on the following strategy: Growth strategy: expand new business while defending the traditional fixed line business Productivity strategy: improve efficiency by managing new capital investment and increase asset utilization In the Balanced Scorecard development process, the strategy is translated into objectives and measures in the four perspectives. Prepared and motivated work force Productivity strategy Growth strategy Defend traditional business Expand Regionally Grow New Business Manage Capital Expenditure Increase Asset Utilization Improve cost efficiency Improve returns Delight the customer Exceptional value services One stop solution Enduring relationship Synergy with Partners Ensure win-win partnership Innovation Process Develop alternative channels Develop product services offerings/bundles Operations Process Focus on operational efficiency Optimize deployment of shared services Improve Strategic Skills Competencies Create conducive organization climate Access to strategic information Customer Perspective Internal Perspective Financial Perspective Learning Perspective Figure 1 The Asia Telecom Strategy Map Growth strategy is pursued by: 1) defend traditional business, 2) expand regionally and 3) grow new business. Productivity is increased by: 1) manage capital expenditure, 2) optimize asset utilization and 3) improve cost efficiency. The company intends to grow new business and expand regionally (acquisition of other business) while defending its traditional fixed line business. Asset utilization and capital expenditure management is important as telecommunication assets are costly, require high investment and can quickly become obsolete with the advent of new technologies. Operating costs efficiency is targeted to reduce costs in running the business. Financial measures are earning per share, return on investment, revenue growth, operating costs per staff and EBITDA (earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization) (lag indicators) and strategic business support (lead indicator). Asia Telecom offers a variety of products and services to customers and builds enduring relationship with its customers. The customers are valued as always right. The company aspires to improve service quality in its outlets to retain and satisfy its customers. A Mesra Pelanggan Project was launched to strengthen necessary capabilities and capacities, strengthen and build on customer relation basics and ultimately, delight the customers. The customer measures identified are 1) one stop solution, 2) enduring relationship, 3) exceptional value services, and 4) ensure win-win partnerships. The measures are service level agreement compliance, customer and partner satisfaction index and customer retention and acquisition (lag indicators) and service level agreement and satisfaction survey (lead indicator). In order to achieve the above objectives, internal business processes identified are 1) create product and services offerings/bundles, 2) develop alternative channels, 3) focus on operational efficiency and 4) optimize deployment of shared services. Business processes needs to be redefined and changed to reflect the needs of the new strategy. For example, product development process has been designated to a small group of product development personnel. The rest of the marketers are not involved in product development even though they have direct contact and interaction with customers. A change in mindset was instigated to encourage every personnel to spend more time talking with customers to learn about their emerging needs and to think of innovative solutions to these needs. The measures include new product revenue, new channel ratio, expense ratio and cost savings (lag indicators) and product and channel development cycle and cost control (lead indicators). These measures clarify w hat needs to be done in order to achieve the objectives identified. The work force must be motivated and prepared to produce the level of effectiveness required to support the objectives in the three other perspectives. In order to foster long term growth and improvement, there is need to 1) improve strategic skills and competencies, 2) create conducive organization climate and 3) provide access to strategic information. Positive work culture including integrity, sense of urgency, teamwork and group interest was instilled to improve quality of the work force. Employee innovativeness is encouraged to create employees that are capable of applying knowledge to produce new products and services. The outcome measures are competency index, employee satisfaction index and climate survey index. The lead indicators which are organized to create change in the work place are staff development vs. plan, employee survey, organization climate survey and strategic systems availability vs. plan. Figure 2 Asia Telecoms Balanced Scorecard Strategic Objectives Measures Outcome Measures (Lag) Performance Drivers (Lead) Financial Defend traditional business Expand regionally Grow new business Manage capital expenditure Optimize asset utilization Improve cost efficiency Earning per share, EBITDA Return on investment Revenue growth Operating costs per staff Strategic business support Customer One stop solution Enduring relationship Exceptional value services Ensure win-win partnerships Customer satisfaction index Customer retention acquisition Partner satisfaction index Service level agreement compliance Customer satisfaction survey Customer satisfaction survey Partner satisfaction survey Service level agreement Internal Create product and services offerings/bundles Develop alternative channels Focus on operational efficiency Optimize deployment of shared services New product revenue, % of contribution to profit New channel ratio Expense ratio Cost savings Product development cycle Channel development cycle Cost control Learning Improve strategic skills and competencies Create conducive organization climate Access to strategic information Competency index Employee satisfaction index Climate survey index Staff development vs. plan Employee survey Organization climate survey Strategic systems availability vs. plan Figure 2 summarizes the objectives and measures for Asia Telecoms Balanced Scorecard. The scorecard and strategy map (Figure 1) describes a system of cause and effect relationships, incorporating a mix of leading and lagging indicators, all of which eventually point to improving future financial performance. Based on the above cases, it can be seen that the Balanced Scorecard framework translates and communicate strategy to the whole organization. In the case of Asia Telecom, employees understand what needs to be done in order to achieve the companys strategy to increase productivity. The measures in place such as competency index send signals to employees of what is required and focuses change efforts. There is shared understanding of the companys vision. From the cause and effect relationship inherent in the scorecard model, employees are able to see how they contribute to the companys success. Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Framework for Action Companies also use the Balanced Scorecard as the framework around which the management processes and programs are built. By identifying the most important objectives on which an organization should focus its attention and resources, the scorecard provides a framework for a strategic management system that organizes issues, information, and a variety of vital management processes. These processes are: Clarify and translate vision and strategy Communicate and link strategic objectives and measures Plan, set targets and align strategic initiatives Enhance strategic feedback and learning (Kaplan and Norton, 1996) By using the case of Asia Telecom, the manner in which the strategic framework is put into action is discussed next. Clarify and translate vision and strategy The Balanced Scorecard process starts with the senior management team working together to translate the business units strategy into specific strategic objectives. When translating the strategic into objectives in the four perspectives discussed above, the management must ensure that there is consensus on what objectives should be prioritized and what measures, targets and initiatives should be used. Consensus is important to ensure that everyone in the company is pursuing the same agenda. In Asia Telecom, sales and marketing has traditionally been regarded as important as they bring in revenue. However, as business becomes more competitive, the traditional fixed line business comes under attack, eating up the companys bottom line. There is increasing need for innovation to create new products and services to retain and win customers. New business needs to be developed and nurtured. In developing the scorecard, this strategy is agreed upon and translated into objectives in the four p erspectives. The development of the scorecard enables the management to agree, prioritize and be accountable for the objectives of the business. Communicate and link strategic objectives and measures The Balanced Scorecards strategic objectives and measures are communicated via company newsletters, bulletin boards, video conferencing and groupware to all levels of organizational constituents. The communication serves to signal to all employees the critical objectives that must be accomplished if the companys strategy is to succeed. The communication process enables the alignment of goals throughout the organization. Once employees understand the high level objectives and measures, they can establish local objectives that support the companys objectives. In Asia Telecom, the Balanced Scorecard is cascaded down to all levels and more than 180 Balanced Scorecards were developed at various levels of the company. The Balanced Scorecards reflect each organizational units objectives in achieving the overall objectives. These scorecards can be accessed online using a Balanced Scorecard system developed in house by the company. Plan, set targets and align strategic initiatives Managers should establish the following to use the scorecard in an integrated long range strategic planning and operational budgeting process: Set long term, quantifiable and stretch targets for the scorecard measures. Identify initiatives (investments and action programs) and resources for these initiatives which will enable the achievement of targets. These initiatives are intended to close the gap between targets set for strategic measures and current performance on those measures. Link to annual resource allocation and budgets i.e. formulate specific short term targets for the scorecard measures. This will allow managers to determine whether their strategy is valid and enable progress monitored. In Asia Telecom, the customer satisfaction index is targeted at more than 90% in 2006. The initiative to achieve the target is via the Mesra Pelanggan Project and customer relationship management. Resource allocation required to achieve the target is included as part of the business plan. Any deviation from the initial target can be picked up during the business plan review. This is also available in the Balanced Scorecard system which links strategy, business plan and performance. It also makes all strategic initiatives and resources congruence to Asia Telecoms Strategy. Enhance strategic feedback and learning The Balance Scorecard enables managers to monitor and adjust the implementation of their strategy, and if necessary, make fundamental changes in the strategy itself. The learning process is of two types: Single loop learning process: feedback about whether the planned strategy is being executed according to plan Double loop learning process: feedback about whether the planned strategy remains a viable and successful strategy. This learning process will prompt managers to question their underlying assumptions and reflect on whether the strategy under which they are operating remains valid in consideration of the current evidence, observations, and experience. The strategic feedback and learning process feeds into the next vision and strategy process where objectives in the various perspectives are reviewed, updated, and replaced in accordance with the most current view of the strategic outcomes and required performance drivers for the upcoming periods. Suppose that the data reveal that the organizations employees and managers have delivered on the performance drivers employees skills and competencies has been improved, tools and technology are available, new products and services have been developed and introduced on schedule. Now, th

Cooling Load Calculation Procedure Engineering Essay

Cooling Load Calculation Procedure Engineering Essay The total amount of heat energy that must be removed from a system by a cooling mechanism in a unit time, equal to the rate at which heat is generated by people, machinery, and processes, plus the net flow of heat into the system not associated with the cooling machinery. [1] The sensible and latent heat transfer between the space air and the surroundings can be classified as follows: 1. Space heat gain qe, in Btu/h (W), represents the rate at which heat enters a conditioned space from an external source or is released to the space from an internal source during a given time interval. 2. Space cooling load, often simply called the cooling load Qrc, Btu /h (W), is the rate at which heat must be removed from a conditioned space so as to maintain a constant temperature and acceptable relative humidity. The sensible cooling load is equal to the sum of the convective heat transfer from the surfaces of the building envelope, furnishings, occupants, appliances, and equipment. 4. Space heat extraction rate Qex, Btu /h (W), is the rate at which heat is actually removed from the conditioned space by the air system. The sensible heat extraction rate is equal to the sensible cooling load only when the space air temperature remains constant. 5. Coil load Qc, Btu /h (W), is the rate of heat transfer at the coil. The cooling coil load Qcc, Btu/h (W), is the rate at which heat is removed by the chilled water flowing through the coil or is absorbed by the refrigerant inside the coil. Cooling load usually can be classified into two categories: external and internal. External Cooling Loads[1] These loads are formed because of heat gains in the conditioned space from external sources through the building envelope or building shell and the partition walls. Sources of external loads include the following cooling loads: 1. Heat gain entering from the exterior walls and roofs 2. Solar heat gain transmitted through the fenestrations 3. Conductive heat gain coming through the fenestrations 4. Heat gain entering from the partition walls and interior doors 5. Infiltration of outdoor air into the conditioned space Internal Cooling Loads[1] These loads are formed by the release of sensible and latent heat from the heat sources inside the conditioned space. These sources contribute internal cooling loads: 1. People 2. Electric lights 3. Equipment and appliances For [1-1] [1] see the section of references CHAPTER 2 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION PROCEDURE [2]The estimation of cooling load for a space involves calculating a surface by surface conductive, convective, and radiative heat balance for each room surface and a convective heat balance for the room air. Based on the same underlying principles, the following methods have been developed for calculating the cooling load. Cooling Load by Transfer Function Method (TFM). Total Equivalent Temperature Difference (TETD) method. Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) method. Transfer Function Method (TFM)[1] The transfer function method or weighting factor method is a simplification of the laborious heat balance method. The wide application of the TFM is due to the user-friendliness of the inputs and outputs of the TFM software and the saving of computing time. In the transfer function method, interior surface temperatures and the space cooling load were first calculated by the exact heat balance method for many representative constructions. The transfer function coefficients (weighting factors) were then calculated which convert the heat gains to cooling loads. Sometimes, transfer function coefficients were also developed through test and experiments. Calculation Procedure The calculation of space cooling load using the transfer function method consists of two steps. First, heat gains or heat loss from exterior walls, roofs, and floors is calculated using response factors or conduction transfer function coefficients; and the solar and internal heat gains are calculated directly for the scheduled hour. Second, room transfer function coefficients or room weighting factors are used to convert the heat gains to cooling loads, or the heat losses to heating loads. As described in Sec. 6.2, the sensible infiltration heat gain is the instantaneous sensible cooling load. All latent heat gains are instantaneous latent cooling loads. The TFM is limited because the cooling loads thus calculated depend on the value of transfer function coefficients as well as the characteristics of the space and how they are varied from those used to generate the transfer function coefficients. In addition, TFM assumed that the total cooling load can be calculated by simply adding the individual components-the superposition principle. However, this assumption can cause some errors. Total Equivalent Temperature Difference (TETD) Method[1] In the total equivalent temperature difference (TETD)/time-averaging (TA) method, heat gains of a number of representative exterior wall and roof assemblies are calculated. The internal heat gains and conductive heat gain are calculated in the same manner as in the TFM. The radiant fraction of each of the sensible heat gains is then allocated to a period including the current and successive hours, a total of 1 to 3 h for light construction and 6 to 8 h for heavy construction. The TETD/ TA method is also a member of the TFM family and is developed primarily for manual calculation. TETD/TA is simpler in the conversion of heat gains to cooling loads. However, the time-averaging calculation procedure is subjective-it is more an art than a rigorous scientific method. Also the TETD/TA method inherits the limitations that a TFM possesses if the TFM is used to calculate the TETD. Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) Method [2] CLTD is the method we used to calculate the cooling load of the project we were assigned. The CLTD method accounts for the thermal response in the heat transfer through the wall or roof, as well as the response due to radiation of part of the energy from the interior surface of the wall to objects and surfaces within the space. The CLTD method makes use of (a) the temperature difference in the case of walls and the roofs and (b) the cooling load factors (CLF) in the case of solar heat gain through windows and internal heat sources, i.e , Q = U x A x CLTDC Where Q is the net room conduction heat gain through roof, wall or glass (W) A is the area of the roof , wall or glass (m2) U is the overall heat transfer co efficient (kW/m2.K) CLTDC is the cooling load temperature difference (oC) For [1] [2] see the section of references CHAPTER 3 CALCULATING COOLING LOADS USING CLTD Outdoor Design Conditions[2] ASHRAE Table A 2, F1980, provides the outdoor design conditions for various locations in many countries including India, Malaysia and Singapore. The summer design column lists hourly temperature which is exceeded by 1%, 2.5 % and 5% of all the hours in the year. Selection of Indoor Conditions[2] In private homes, the indoor conditions may be chosen by the owner. But in public premisis, various codes and regulations and ordinances dictate the limits of the specific indoor design conditions. For some critical occupancy, such as, hospitals, nursing homes, computer rooms, clean rooms, etc. specific indoor design conditions will usually be established by the regulating authorities or the owners. Transmission gains[2] Heat transfer through the different components of the building envelop occurs primarily the process of conduction and convection and is generally referred to as transmission load. Transmission heat transfer is given by the following equation: Q = = (U) (A) (TD) Where, Q is the heat transfer rate (W) Rt is the sum of the individual thermal resistances (m2.oC/W) A is the surface area perpendicular to heat flux (m2) TD is the design temperature difference between indoors and outdoors U = 1/Rt is the overall heat transfer co efficient (W/m2.oC) With, Rt = R1 + R2 +  ¼ + Rm for resistance in series. The values of thermal resistances are provided for specific thickness for typical building materials usually designated by U. For materials that vary in thickness according to the application, specific conductivity k is listed in terms of unit thickness. The relation between the two is R = Where k is the coefficient of thermal conductivity (W/m.K) L is the length of the conduction path (m). CLTD/CLF calculation[2] To account for the temperature and the solar variations, the concept of cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) is introduced. The CLTD is a steady state representation of the complex heat transfer involving actual temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, mass and solar radiation by the building materials, and the time of day. The following relation makes corrections in the CLTDs for walls and roofs for deviations in design and solar conditions are as follows: CLTDc = [(CLTD + LM)k + (25.5 Tr) + (To 29.4)] f Where CLTDc is the corrected value of CLTD. LM is the colour adjustment for light coloured roof. Tr is the design room temeperature To is average outdoor temperature, computed as the design temperature less half the daily range. f is attic fan factor Solar heat gain[2] When solar rays impinge on a glass surface, some of the radiation is reflected back outside before penetrating the glass. Of that radiation which is not reflected, some is transmitted through the glass and some is absorbed by the glass. The remaining radiation is refracted slightly and goes on to heat the contents of the room. If there is external shading, such as with blinds or drapes or shades, a portion of t radiation entering the room is confined to the area immediately adjacent to the window and has a diminished effect on the conditioning of the room. All of these effects are accounted for to some degree by the following relation for calculation of cooling loads due to solar radiation: QSHG = A(SC)(SHGF)(CLF) Where QSHG is the solar radiation cooling load (W) A is the open glass area (m2) SC is the shading co efficient for various types of glasses and shadings SHGF is the maximum solar heat gain factor for specific orientation of surface, latitude and month (W/m2) CLF is the cooling load factor, dimensionless. Internal Loads[2] Lighting is often is the major space cooling load component. The rate of heat gain at any instant, however, is not the same as the heat equivalent of power supplied instantaneously to these lights. Only part of the energy from lights is transferred to the room air by convection, and thus becomes the cooling load. The remaining portion is the radiant heat that affects the conditioned space only after having been absorbed by walls, floor, furniture, upholstery, etc. and released after a time lag. The cooling load imposed by these sources is given by Q appliances= P(CLF) Where Q appliances is the cooling load due to equipment of appliances (W) P is the input operating power rating of the appliance or equipment (W) CLF is the cooling load factor (dimensionless) depending on operating hours, room construction, and air circulation. Occupancy[2] The people who occupy the building give off thermal energy continuously, the rate of which depend on the level and type of activity in which they are engaged. For the sensible portion of the heat released, a cooling load factor similar the one applied to lights and appliances has been developed to account for the lag in time between occupancy and the observed cooling load. The sensible cooling load due to people is therefore, QS = (N)(GS)(CLFS) Where QS is the sensible cooling load due to occupants (W) N is the number of occupants GS is the sensible heat gain depending on activity and time for entry (W) CLFS is the cooling load factor (dimensionless) for people. The latent heat gain from occupants is found by Ql = (N)(Gl) Where Ql is the latent heat gain N is the number of occupants Gl is the latent heat gains from occupants depending on activity and time from entry Ventilation/Infiltration[2] Heat gain from ventilation and infiltration needs to be considered in the cooling load calculations. General Design Guidelines[2] The general procedure required to calculate the space cooling load is as follows: Building configuration an characteristics: Determine the building location, orientation and external shading, building materials, external surface colour and shape. These details are usually obtained from building plans and specifications. Outdoor design conditions: Obtain the outdoor weather data for the building location and select the outdoor design conditions. Indoor design conditions: Specify temperature, humidity, air velocity, etc. Operating schedules: obtain a schedule of lighting, occupancy, internal equipment, appliances and processes generating heat load. Date and time: Select the time of the day and month to estimate the cooling load. Several different times of the day and several different months need to be analyzed to determine the peak load time. The particular day and month are often dictated by peak solar conditions. For [2] see the section of references CHAPTER 4 DATA FOR THE MAIN MOSQUE Mosque 1st Floor Figure 4.1 First floor Figure 4.2 Window type 1 (WT1) Figure 4.3 Window type 2 (WT2) Figure 4.4 Doors 1 (D1) 4.2 Mosque Ground Floor Figure 4.5 Ground floor Figure 4.6 Window Type 3 (WT3) Figure 4.7 Window Type 4 (WT4) Figure 4.8 Door 2 (D2) General Information Latitude 32ËÅ ¡, Longitude 72ËÅ ¡ [7] Main Mosque, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Walls 33cm brick, 1.5 cm cement on both sides Roof 15 cm concrete Construction Cream color paint on both sides Glass 0.5cm black shaded Lighting 1 76 tubes each 18W, 8hrs per day Lighting 2 4 tubes each 40W, 8hrs per day Occupancy 300 people moderately active Ceiling fan 18 ceiling fans each 75 W, 8hrs per day Bracket fan 9 bracket fans, each 40W, operating 8hrs per day Ventilation 7.5 x 300 = 2200 liters/sec Note: Suspended ceiling was broken therefore; we considered it as the refrigerating space. U Value Calculation Roof Components L/k m/(W/m.K) R W/m2.K Reference Table Table title Outside air 0.044 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Concrete 10cm 0.15/0.51 0.294 [3] Inner air 0.160 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Total 0.498 U = 1/R = 1/0.498 = 2.01 Wall Component L/k m/(W/m.K) R W/m2.K Reference Table Table title Outer air 0.044 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Brick 0.33/0.32 1.0315 Table A7 Typical thermal properties of common building and insulating materials Cement 20.015/0.72 0.0417 Table A7 Typical thermal properties of common building and insulating materials Inside air film 0.120 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Total 1.237 U = 1/R = 1/1.237 = 0.808 For [3] see references Glass Component L/k m/(W/m.K) R W/m2.K Reference Table Table title Glass material 0.005/0.05 0.1 Table A7 Typical thermal properties of common building and insulating materials Outer air 0.044 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Inner air 0.12 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Total 0.264 U =1/R = 1/0.264 = 3.79 Description of appliances Items Ground floor (Qty) First Floor (Qty) Ceiling fans 12 6 Tube lights 76 (small) 4 (large) Wall fan 9 Area Calculations Eastern Wall Areas Wall area 108.11514 m2 Door area 26.3 m2 Windows area 12.76 m2 Actual wall area 69.055 m2 Actual glass area 30.4 m2 Note: The area for aluminum in the windows is not accounted for. 4.6.2 Western Wall Areas Wall area 88.4816 m2 Windows area 6.583 m2 Actual wall area 81.899 m2 Actual glass 6.003 m2 Note: The area for aluminum in the windows is not accounted for. 4.6.3 Northern Wall Areas Wall area 52.45 m2 Windows area 12.61 m2 Actual wall area 39.84 m2 Actual glass area 11.62 m2 Note: The area for aluminum in the windows is not accounted for. 4.6.4 Southern Wall Areas Wall area 52.45 m2 Windows area 6.58 m2 Door area 1.86 m2 Actual wall area 44.01 m2 Actual glass area 7.58 m2 Note: The area for aluminum in the windows is not accounted for. 4.6.5 Roof Areas Total roof area m2 4.7 CLTD Correction Calculation To = 47 16/2 = 39 To is the average outside temperature on design day equal to our design temperature minus half of daily temperature range. Exposure CLTD LM[4] K[5] 25.5 Tr To 29.4 F[6] CLTDc North 7 0.5 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 13.35 East 15 0 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 17.1 South 11 -2.2 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 14 West 11 0 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 15.1 Roof 36 1.1 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 27.05 For [4], [5] [6] see references. CHAPTER 5 COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS FOR THE MAIN MOSQUE Building Main mosque Location EME College, RWP Month June Day 22 Time 0200hrs Psychrometric analysis Item Tdb Twb RH Enthalpy (h) Sp. Humidity (w) Outside 47 41 70% 183.87 0.0528 Inside 25.5 17.82 50% 57.35 0.012 Difference 21.5 23.18 20% 126.52 0.041 Daily range = 16 Transmission Load Item Description Area(m2) U factor CLTDc (oC) Qtransmission(W) Walls North 39.84 0.808 13.35 429.75 South 44.01 0.808 14 497.8 East 69.005 0.808 17.1 953.4 West 81.899 0.808 15.1 999.2 Roof 194.15 2.01 27.05 10556.03 Glass North 11.62 3.79 20.1 885.2 South 7.58 3.79 20.1 577.44 East 30.4 3.79 20.1 2315.84 West 6.008 3.79 20.1 457.3 Total transmission cooling load (W) 17671.89 Solar Radiation Description Area(m2) SC SHGF CLF QSHG North 0 South 7.58 0.94 189 0.36 484.8 East 0 West 6.003 0.94 695 0.55 2228.6 Total solar radiation gain cooling (W) 2713.4 Internal loads Item Input (W) CLF Qappliance Lights 1528 0.08 122.2 Appliances 1710 1 1710 Total internal gain cooling (W) 1832.24 Occupancy Number SHG/LHG CLF Ql Qs Sensible 300 75 0.49 11025 Latent 300 55 1 16500 Total Occupancy gains, Qoccupancy (W) 27525 Ventilation/Infiltration m3/s CFM ΆT/Άw Ql Qs Sensible 2.2 1.23 ΆT=21.5 58.18 Latent 2.2 3010 Άw=.041 7180 Total Infiltration / Ventilation load (W) 7238.2 Grand total cooling loads Ql Qs Total latent load (W) 23680 Total sensible load (W) 33300.61 Total load (kW) 56.98 Tons of refrigeration 16.3 CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Results Following the CLTD method we calculated cooling load to be 16.3 Tons. In which main contribution was from people present in the mosque (almost half the contribution) and heat conduction through walls and windows glass. The contribution from each mode is shown in fig 6.1. Fig 6.1 Contribution from each mode of heat transfer in cooling load Recommendations Use 6 ACs each of 2.5 Ton and one of 1.5 ton, we will need all the ACs switched ON during Jumma prayers only. On normal days we will switch ON 3 or 4 ACs depending on the number of occupants. As the number of occupants decreases the required cooling load also decreases. For different values of occupants required cooling load has been calculated and shown in the fig 6.2. Fig 6.2 Relation between number of occupants and cooling load Normally 30 people are present in the mosque at prayer times so we need only 9.2 tons of refrigeration. We will switch ON three ACs of 2.5 tons and one of 1.5 tons We can minimize the Cooling load by Increasing the glass thickness By using opaque sheets on the outer side of the windows and doors By using reflecting and insulating material on the roof, reflective material will reduce solar radiation and insulating material will minimize conduction Growing trees on southern side

The Woodlanders :: Free Essays Online

The Woodlanders Thomas Hardy, the author of The Woodlanders, is "considered one of the greatest novelist in English literature"(Vol. 4). This genius was born on June 2nd of 1840 in Bockhampton, Dorset, England. He was the oldest boy in his family. Hardy began his writing career in 1862, at the age of twenty-two. In 1867, at the age of twenty-seven, he wrote his first novel. The novel was entitled, The Poor Man and the Lady. Today only bits and pieces of this book remain. Some critics did not think that Hardy’s first book was cut out for publication. George Meredith, a reader for Chapman and Hall publishers, advised against the publication of The Poor Man and the Lady. He thought Hardy had potential and encouraged him to continue writing(Pettit). Practice makes perfect. In November of 1872, at the age of thirty-two, Hardy was asked to write a serial novel for Cornhill Magazine. This was the start of something really good for Hardy. Soon after this, his career sky rocketed and he started pumping out the manuscripts. In 1874, Hardy began writing Far from the Madding Crowd. He was engrossed in the making of this book; it consumed him. While attending college classes, he resorted to writing on leaves, woodchips, stones, and whatever else he could find while moving between classes. This book marked the turning point of his career. Not to long after this, his wife passed away. It did not seem that Hardy was too broken up over this tragedy because soon after his wife’s death, he married his secretary. The marriage only lasted for a little while because on January eleventh of 1928 Hardy died in his hometown of Dorset, England. His heart was buried in the "Wessex" countryside, in the parish churchyard at Stinsford. His ashes were placed next to those of Charles Dickens in Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey. Wessex is a fictional place in England that Hardy made up, and placed his novels in its scenery. Its lush landscape is what is described in most of Hardy’s novels, especially The Woodlanders. The book has been described as being "alive with landscape"(Woodlanders). James Wood describes the book by saying it "is an anguished and contradictory meditation on belonging, on what it means to be rooted in a place"(Woodlanders). Wood also says that Hardy’s works are like Shakespeare’s, except Hardy’s works are like hard comedies and hard tragedies. The Woodlanders was first published simultaneously in monthly serial parts in England’s Macmillan’s Magazine and in weekly parts in the United States in Harper’s Bazaar.

Personal Narrative Essay - Learning from Mother :: College Admissions Essays

Learning from Mother Education is not to teach men facts, theories or laws, not to reform or amuse them or make them expert technicians. It is to unsettle their minds, widen their horizons, inflame their intellect, teach them to think straight, if possible, but to think nevertheless.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Maynard Hutchins At each point in my life, I had fabulous teachers that helped open my mind to the bigger world outside. But the person who taught me the most was my mother. As a voracious reader, she gave me the example I emulate to this day. Then, I couldn't understand how she could stand reading so much nonfiction; I preferred novels. Now I see that her reading provided the necessary tonic to life among the Orr tribe. She was also my English coach: Any time I had a paper to work on, I sketched out my draft and then she would show me how to make it coherent. All her efforts finally paid off when I received the writing award at school-she had finally taught her daughter to write! She also was on the school board at my grade school, was politically active, and was active in our church. Seeing her stand up to error in public situations gave me the strength to do the same. Sadly, I had to fight error in my high school history class. I disputed my religion teacher's position concerning the civil rights movement (just one of many discussions we had that year). But without Mom's example, I would have been silent like the other kids. I could speak up because she also took the time to teach an added course to me on Saturdays-not only did I go to class every weekday at school, but Mom held special sessions of history class every Saturday afternoon, replete with really hard memorization

A Language of Learning

Step 1: Have students login in to achieve 3000 Step 2: Have students find the article A Language of Learning. It should be one of the options on their main screen. If it is not there, have the student search the title and it should pop up. Step 3: Give the students 3 – 5 minutes to read and answer the before reading poll on their Chromebook. -4762544450Before reading pollIn parts of Africa, kids speak one language at home, but they are taught using another language at school.  What do you think?Kids should be taught in school using the same language they speak at home. Agree? Disagree? Explain why you voted the way you did. 0Before reading pollIn parts of Africa, kids speak one language at home, but they are taught using another language at school.  What do you think?Kids should be taught in school using the same language they speak at home.Agree? Disagree? Explain why you voted the way you did. Step 4: Have a quick 3 – 5 minute class discussion about the poll question. Also explain the main idea chart to the students and inform them to fill out the chart as they are reading the article. 476250054800500 Step 5: Have students read the article. Once students have read the article make sure that they have answered the multiple choice questions located in the â€Å"activity† tab. The students' first responses are what Achieve 3000 will use to determine if their reading level is improving. ** As students are answering the multiple choice questions, have them click the button. This will allow them to look at the article at the same time as answering the questions. It will place both side by side. Step 6: Have a quick 3-5 minute class discussion and see if the students' opinion to the before reading poll changed. If so, why did it change? Step 7: With the remaining time have the students choose articles of their choice to complete. Step 8: With their selected article have the students complete the same process as before all on their own. Students should briefly answer the pre-reading question, read the article while filling out their main idea chart, and then answer their multiple choice questions.

Julius Caesar

Then fall, Caesar! † These last words of Caesar show the heartbreak and betrayal that he felt inside. The relationship between Brutes and Caesar is bitterly ironic in such a way that the audience can feel the characters emotions. However, it Is somewhat difficult to choose whether you can Justify the actions of the conspirators, or if you fall into the sorrow and anger that is inside those who loved and supported Caesar. Going back to Career's last words, â€Å"Et TU Brute?Then fall, Caesar! † you can start to put an image In your head. Imagine that you were randomly Ewing stabbed by the people you thought liked you so much that they actually wanted to king you. Not only were you stabbed once, but a painful 33 times. And to really put the cherry on top, the last person to stab you was supposedly one of your closest friends. Torturous much? It doesn't stop yet. You dedicate your last words of the feelings of defeat and utter betrayal to your close friend.It almost seems a s If Caesar was reaching out to the morality of Brutes, Caesar desperately wanted Brutes to know that he was important to him, and that there is almost nothing else that loud have pained him so much than to be stabbed lastly by someone that he thought was so close. Once again, bringing it back to Caesar last words, â€Å"Et TU. Brute? † is just the English what the translator decided to write. Different translations say something like, muff too, young man? Or â€Å"You too, my son? † A popular belief is that Brutes is actually Caesar illegitimate son, as some say there is historical proof that Brutes' mother and Caesar once intimately loved each other. For this to happen Caesar would have to be only 15 when Brutes was born, so it is found unlikely by any. Whether or not Brutes and Caesar were kin by blood, it is still known that they had an in depth relationship with each other. After Career's death, there are oodles of complications.After Antonym had given his speech, the crowd rioted and burned down the houses of the conspirators. Antonym, Octavia, and Lipid's had taken charge of Rome. Both Antonym and Octavia agreed to have Lipid's to be the third person in power because of his willingness to agree with what he's told. Such an act reveals the characters of Antonym and Octavia as loaches and avaricious. Before a war has started, Brutes encounters the ghost of Caesar. Some believe that the ghost was lust a dream, but if this were so, then it shows how Brutes really feels towards Caesar.Caesar was once his close friend, and even though he believed he was participating in the assassination for a cause, he seems to question his motives when he feels convicted by the ghost. War has begun between Antonym and Octavia against Brutes and Cassias. The armless set out, and Antonym army beats Cassias' army, but Brutes' army beats Activation's army. Cassias then sends out Taluses, of his friends, to Investigate. Cassias thought that Taluses was captured, an d out of his own guilt and cowardliness to see what was going on for himself, his friend would pay the price.Cassias committed suicide, even though Taluses wasn't actually captured. Once again, the armies fight. Brutes loses the war this time, and before he is captured and paraded around the streets of his enemy in shame, he decides to commit an honorary suicide by running onto a sword while having one of his soldiers holds it. Ablest Roman of them all: [All the conspirators, save only he, [Did that they did in new of great Caesar; [He only, in a general-honest thought [And common good to all, made one of them. His life was gentle; and the elements [So mixed in him that Nature might stand up [And say to all the world, â€Å"This was a man! † Even Antonym, the enemy of Brutes, calls him noble, in which he realizes that Brutes was not in the same reasoning as Cassias. Brutes actually cared about Rome, and even though his viewpoints did not match up with Antonym's, he still was genuine. Throughout the text it is plain to see that Brutes is open minded, but he makes mistakes.Brutes is human, and relatable. Through his moral, the reader can forgive Brutes' bluntness. In my opinion, Brutes is the one that most people tend to favor because of his realistic and thoughtful character. Viewing the conspirators and how they Justified their decision in killing Caesar is somewhat of a confusing manner. Brutes feels like he's in the right place, he says he loves Caesar well, so this kind of shows Brutes sacrificing is friend for the good of Rome.Cassias, on the other hand, went on with the murder for purely out of the negativity he feels towards Caesar, rather than doing it for the benefit of Rome. So when choosing a side between the people for and against Caesar, you cannot exactly pick the conspirators as a whole. Instead, one could break it down into three main sides: The people in favor of Caesar, such as Antonym and Octavo's, the positive conspirators, such as Br utes, and lastly the negative conspirators, such as Cassias. Julius Caesar Then fall, Caesar! † These last words of Caesar show the heartbreak and betrayal that he felt inside. The relationship between Brutes and Caesar is bitterly ironic in such a way that the audience can feel the characters emotions. However, it Is somewhat difficult to choose whether you can Justify the actions of the conspirators, or if you fall into the sorrow and anger that is inside those who loved and supported Caesar. Going back to Career's last words, â€Å"Et TU Brute?Then fall, Caesar! † you can start to put an image In your head. Imagine that you were randomly Ewing stabbed by the people you thought liked you so much that they actually wanted to king you. Not only were you stabbed once, but a painful 33 times. And to really put the cherry on top, the last person to stab you was supposedly one of your closest friends. Torturous much? It doesn't stop yet. You dedicate your last words of the feelings of defeat and utter betrayal to your close friend.It almost seems a s If Caesar was reaching out to the morality of Brutes, Caesar desperately wanted Brutes to know that he was important to him, and that there is almost nothing else that loud have pained him so much than to be stabbed lastly by someone that he thought was so close. Once again, bringing it back to Caesar last words, â€Å"Et TU. Brute? † is just the English what the translator decided to write. Different translations say something like, muff too, young man? Or â€Å"You too, my son? † A popular belief is that Brutes is actually Caesar illegitimate son, as some say there is historical proof that Brutes' mother and Caesar once intimately loved each other. For this to happen Caesar would have to be only 15 when Brutes was born, so it is found unlikely by any. Whether or not Brutes and Caesar were kin by blood, it is still known that they had an in depth relationship with each other. After Career's death, there are oodles of complications.After Antonym had given his speech, the crowd rioted and burned down the houses of the conspirators. Antonym, Octavia, and Lipid's had taken charge of Rome. Both Antonym and Octavia agreed to have Lipid's to be the third person in power because of his willingness to agree with what he's told. Such an act reveals the characters of Antonym and Octavia as loaches and avaricious. Before a war has started, Brutes encounters the ghost of Caesar. Some believe that the ghost was lust a dream, but if this were so, then it shows how Brutes really feels towards Caesar.Caesar was once his close friend, and even though he believed he was participating in the assassination for a cause, he seems to question his motives when he feels convicted by the ghost. War has begun between Antonym and Octavia against Brutes and Cassias. The armless set out, and Antonym army beats Cassias' army, but Brutes' army beats Activation's army. Cassias then sends out Taluses, of his friends, to Investigate. Cassias thought that Taluses was captured, an d out of his own guilt and cowardliness to see what was going on for himself, his friend would pay the price.Cassias committed suicide, even though Taluses wasn't actually captured. Once again, the armies fight. Brutes loses the war this time, and before he is captured and paraded around the streets of his enemy in shame, he decides to commit an honorary suicide by running onto a sword while having one of his soldiers holds it. Ablest Roman of them all: [All the conspirators, save only he, [Did that they did in new of great Caesar; [He only, in a general-honest thought [And common good to all, made one of them. His life was gentle; and the elements [So mixed in him that Nature might stand up [And say to all the world, â€Å"This was a man! † Even Antonym, the enemy of Brutes, calls him noble, in which he realizes that Brutes was not in the same reasoning as Cassias. Brutes actually cared about Rome, and even though his viewpoints did not match up with Antonym's, he still was genuine. Throughout the text it is plain to see that Brutes is open minded, but he makes mistakes.Brutes is human, and relatable. Through his moral, the reader can forgive Brutes' bluntness. In my opinion, Brutes is the one that most people tend to favor because of his realistic and thoughtful character. Viewing the conspirators and how they Justified their decision in killing Caesar is somewhat of a confusing manner. Brutes feels like he's in the right place, he says he loves Caesar well, so this kind of shows Brutes sacrificing is friend for the good of Rome.Cassias, on the other hand, went on with the murder for purely out of the negativity he feels towards Caesar, rather than doing it for the benefit of Rome. So when choosing a side between the people for and against Caesar, you cannot exactly pick the conspirators as a whole. Instead, one could break it down into three main sides: The people in favor of Caesar, such as Antonym and Octavo's, the positive conspirators, such as Br utes, and lastly the negative conspirators, such as Cassias. Julius Caesar Then fall, Caesar! † These last words of Caesar show the heartbreak and betrayal that he felt inside. The relationship between Brutes and Caesar is bitterly ironic in such a way that the audience can feel the characters emotions. However, it Is somewhat difficult to choose whether you can Justify the actions of the conspirators, or if you fall into the sorrow and anger that is inside those who loved and supported Caesar. Going back to Career's last words, â€Å"Et TU Brute?Then fall, Caesar! † you can start to put an image In your head. Imagine that you were randomly Ewing stabbed by the people you thought liked you so much that they actually wanted to king you. Not only were you stabbed once, but a painful 33 times. And to really put the cherry on top, the last person to stab you was supposedly one of your closest friends. Torturous much? It doesn't stop yet. You dedicate your last words of the feelings of defeat and utter betrayal to your close friend.It almost seems a s If Caesar was reaching out to the morality of Brutes, Caesar desperately wanted Brutes to know that he was important to him, and that there is almost nothing else that loud have pained him so much than to be stabbed lastly by someone that he thought was so close. Once again, bringing it back to Caesar last words, â€Å"Et TU. Brute? † is just the English what the translator decided to write. Different translations say something like, muff too, young man? Or â€Å"You too, my son? † A popular belief is that Brutes is actually Caesar illegitimate son, as some say there is historical proof that Brutes' mother and Caesar once intimately loved each other. For this to happen Caesar would have to be only 15 when Brutes was born, so it is found unlikely by any. Whether or not Brutes and Caesar were kin by blood, it is still known that they had an in depth relationship with each other. After Career's death, there are oodles of complications.After Antonym had given his speech, the crowd rioted and burned down the houses of the conspirators. Antonym, Octavia, and Lipid's had taken charge of Rome. Both Antonym and Octavia agreed to have Lipid's to be the third person in power because of his willingness to agree with what he's told. Such an act reveals the characters of Antonym and Octavia as loaches and avaricious. Before a war has started, Brutes encounters the ghost of Caesar. Some believe that the ghost was lust a dream, but if this were so, then it shows how Brutes really feels towards Caesar.Caesar was once his close friend, and even though he believed he was participating in the assassination for a cause, he seems to question his motives when he feels convicted by the ghost. War has begun between Antonym and Octavia against Brutes and Cassias. The armless set out, and Antonym army beats Cassias' army, but Brutes' army beats Activation's army. Cassias then sends out Taluses, of his friends, to Investigate. Cassias thought that Taluses was captured, an d out of his own guilt and cowardliness to see what was going on for himself, his friend would pay the price.Cassias committed suicide, even though Taluses wasn't actually captured. Once again, the armies fight. Brutes loses the war this time, and before he is captured and paraded around the streets of his enemy in shame, he decides to commit an honorary suicide by running onto a sword while having one of his soldiers holds it. Ablest Roman of them all: [All the conspirators, save only he, [Did that they did in new of great Caesar; [He only, in a general-honest thought [And common good to all, made one of them. His life was gentle; and the elements [So mixed in him that Nature might stand up [And say to all the world, â€Å"This was a man! † Even Antonym, the enemy of Brutes, calls him noble, in which he realizes that Brutes was not in the same reasoning as Cassias. Brutes actually cared about Rome, and even though his viewpoints did not match up with Antonym's, he still was genuine. Throughout the text it is plain to see that Brutes is open minded, but he makes mistakes.Brutes is human, and relatable. Through his moral, the reader can forgive Brutes' bluntness. In my opinion, Brutes is the one that most people tend to favor because of his realistic and thoughtful character. Viewing the conspirators and how they Justified their decision in killing Caesar is somewhat of a confusing manner. Brutes feels like he's in the right place, he says he loves Caesar well, so this kind of shows Brutes sacrificing is friend for the good of Rome.Cassias, on the other hand, went on with the murder for purely out of the negativity he feels towards Caesar, rather than doing it for the benefit of Rome. So when choosing a side between the people for and against Caesar, you cannot exactly pick the conspirators as a whole. Instead, one could break it down into three main sides: The people in favor of Caesar, such as Antonym and Octavo's, the positive conspirators, such as Br utes, and lastly the negative conspirators, such as Cassias.